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Adaptación de Alumnos según estilos de Afrontamiento Individual al Primer año de la Carrera de Arquitectura

 

Autora: Omaira Andreina Márquez Ramírez

Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador, UPEL

omairamarquez89@gmail.com

Barinas, Venezuela

 

Abstract

Local participation is considered, as a mechanism of action for the rescue of green areas, so research seeks to create a conservationist conscience in the inhabitants that make life in the community, as to the need to maintain an environment in good condition, Therefore, aims to promote the construction of ornamental gardens as a strategy for local participation in the beautification of green areas in the Community of Morrocoy Coast, Barinas Municipality, Barinas State. For the theoretical contributions that support the research were consulted, different authors and approach related to local participation and ornamental gardens. It was developed within the qualitative paradigm and focused on a participatory action research, in relation to the field design, since the data collection was done directly from the subjects investigated, with respect to the informants, were taken, four (04) subjects of study, as for the technique and instrument of data collection was used the interview as well as the interview script whose results will be analyzed through the triangulation process itself with the intention of giving a response to the purposes of the investigation.

 

Keywords: community participation; communities; environment.

 

 

 

Jardines Ornamentales como Estrategia de Participación local en el Embellecimiento de Áreas Verdes

 

Resumen

          La participación local es considerada, como mecanismo de acción para el rescate de las áreas verdes, por tanto la investigación persigue, crear una conciencia conservacionista en los habitantes que hacen vida en la comunidad, en cuanto a la necesidad de mantener un ambiente en buenas condiciones, por consiguiente, plantea como meta fundamental promover la construcción de jardines ornamentales como estrategia de participación local en el embellecimiento de áreas verdes en la Comunidad Costa de Morrocoy, Municipio Barinas, Estado Barinas. Para los aportes teóricos que sustentan la investigación se consultaron, diferentes autores y enfoque relativos a la participación local y jardines ornamentales. La misma se desarrolló dentro del paradigma cualitativo y centrado en una investigación acción participante, en relación al diseño es de campo, por cuanto la recolección de datos se realizó directamente de los sujetos investigados, en lo que respecta a los informantes, se tomaron, cuatros (04) sujetos objetos de estudio, en cuanto a la técnica e instrumento de recolección de datos se utilizó la entrevista así como el guion de entrevista cuyos resultados se analizarán mediante el proceso de triangulación la misma con la intencionalidad de dar repuesta a los propósitos de la investigación.

 

Palabras clave: participación comunitaria; comunidad; medio ambiente.

 

 

 

1. Introduction

In the world, ornamental gardens are put into practice as ecological strategies for the beautification of green areas, considering alternatives to minimize the environmental impact that encourages traditional human activity, especially on soil and water. It consists of a series of measures in order to obtain a better space for the practice of recreation and recreation, while preserving the environment. These alternatives contemplate the favorable use of the land, taking into account its potential for each type of plant in particular.

 

   In this regard Loyo (2013), believes that the "application of ecological methods reduces soil degradation, thus evading the action of erosive agents, therefore, the planting of ornamental plants in a traditional way, strengthen the ecological aspects, as allows to create conservationist conscience in those who practice this style of cultivation". (p.4) Similarly, it seeks to improve the use of fertilizers and the proper management of water, either rain or used for irrigation; and the use of green fertilizers as an ecological culture is sought, in order to give greater use to natural resources, as well as the conservation of them.

 

Under this trend, Sierra (2012), notes "with the implementation of environmental measures for the preservation of green areas have been creating independent development models, which ensure active natural spaces in communities and their adjacencies" (p.98). This has promoted a series of values ​​and attitudes necessary for a change towards behaviors that are more respectful with the environment, a balanced environment will be obtained, diversification and protection of plants, water conservation, soils, and others will be used.

 

Regarding the green areas Ojeda and Espejel (2014), they point:

With a wider vision the green areas are constituted by all those parks, gardens, ridges, roundabouts, natural areas and sports that are part of a certain city, which have gone from being secondary elements of the landscape, with only aesthetic and recreational purposes, to become areas of great importance, due to their functionality and the ecological benefits they bring to society (p.5).

 

Considering this, it is estimated that with the practice of the construction of ornamental gardens will be allowed to develop awareness of various environmental problems present in the communities, in this way adopt an awareness of the impact of the activities carried out on the balance of the environment, giving it the importance of preserving biodiversity, and acting responsibly and respectfully with respect to the conservation of the environment, which the same author, Kreuter (2005), affirms in relation to gardens.  

He defines them as an expression in which he resorts to different elements, plants and technical means for the creation of certain green spaces, a garden will not only take care with care, the health of the soil, will be paid by recycling their own materials, therefore, to achieve a good garden it is necessary to know how to distribute them according to their species (p.11).

 

Likewise, Menes (2006) points out; "... at present, democracies, decentralization processes and redefinitions of the role of the State in the formulation of policies and implementation of social programs have been consolidated and deepened" (p.18). In this sense, the notion of the country and the local government includes new ways to establish participation. In many cases it reaches the tactic of the relationship with community organizations, adjusted to the joint responsibility of those who make up these organizations.

 

Also, the participation in the environmental development of any social organization, is ready to address the different situations that directly generate needs that can not be resolved from the governmental entities. In this regard, Villegas (2014), points out that in the communities "... there must be plans and projects framed in local development as a way to guarantee the imminently effective and effective course of community organizations in terms of social, political, economic development, environmental yearning" (p.14). That is why, from this point of view, citizen participation as a political and social fact is glimpsed in the scope that in a holistic way, it must project to achieve the goals that are planned from this process.

 

With regard to Latin America, Restrepo (2015), considers that, ornamental gardens, is a measure that has been responding to certain policies of natural beautification; which can be developed in small existing lands in the community and their houses, where ornamental species are planted that embellish the community space. At the same time, it is possible to reflect on the need to undertake actions that lead to an integration of the educational institution community for a better conservation of the environment and quality of community life.

 

In the case of Colombia Medellín, gardening is increasingly articulated to current trends in contemporary landscaping, characterized by eclecticism or fusion of garden styles and concepts; and greatly assisted by technology as a key feature of design and function. A potentially innovative competition that, however, often leads to landscape practices or lightened or borrowed planters, thanks to the electronic immediacy of information and the rapid dissemination and export of species, styles and designs that are carried to cities from very different latitudes, implementing species, techniques and styles without greater dependence on the local ecological context.

 

Considering Venezuela, Díaz (2014), states that in Venezuela there is a great diversity of plants with important ornamental qualities that are ignored by the arboriculturists and have been little studied from an urbanistic point of view. The disclosure of the benefits and uses of these plants is a fundamental aspect to be considered in the planning and expansion of urban and rural communities, given that in recent years the integral conception of the environment has been promoted, through social activities. environmental, the protection of biodiversity and socio-diversity; as well as understanding and addressing environmental issues, integrating all community, educational and governmental actors.

 

According to all of the above, the protagonist participation of families and communities arises, from the vision of self-management, co-responsibility and integral development. These come to fill that space that was previously arranged for circulation or leisure, which can go from a window, small materos, to familiar and communal gardens, now used for community beautification, aimed primarily at guaranteeing open and healthy natural environments, exploiting the benefits of the rich tropical environment.

 

It is worth noting that through the community ornamental gardens, we seek to strengthen the culture of community solidarity work, in the same way the importance of caring for plants, the acquisition of values ​​that allow the development of an environmental culture, for the balance of nature, as well as the mechanisms for the good use that should be given to natural resources, in this way the community ornamental gardens are a fundamental part, for the recovery of green areas, given that despite the environmental policies with which the country enjoys , the deterioration of the green areas is evidenced with deep concern.

 

   Under this perspective and in view of the reality of the environmental problems that the Venezuelan State has been presenting, taking as a basis the deterioration of the vegetal layer resulting from the process of construction and expansion of populated areas, the Costa de Morrocoy Community is taken as an object of study, San Silvestre Parish, Barinas Municipality, Barinas State, considering it necessary, since this community lacks ornamental gardens, with sufficient spaces for construction, in this sense the rescue of green areas, is due to the lack of motivation and awareness of the inhabitants of the community, in this sense it is intended with the approach of research the promotion of construction of gardens of ornamental gardens with the participation of the community, considering that in this way the citizen values ​​will be strengthened, in the search for the conservation of the environment

 

Therefore, the general purpose of the investigation is based on Promoting the construction of ornamental gardens as a strategy of local participation in the beautification of green areas in the Morrocoy Coast Community, San Silvestre Parish, Barinas Municipality, Barinas State.

 

2. Theoretical references

2.1.  Local development

Morales (2006), considered that the initiatives of local development take force in the decade of the Eighties of the last century, with the exhaustion of the fondista model of development that, for that time, did not adjust to the exigencies of the development reached by the productive forces. The technological progress of that stage posed the need to look for much more flexible and efficient productive forms that would guarantee a higher quality of the productions, according to the new requirements of the world demand.

 

          According to the theory of local economic development, it was extremely difficult to achieve the aforementioned within the framework of the model of forist production. The idea that this technological and organizational restructuring, this much more flexible productive adjustment, is in fact more feasible in the area of ​​local territory, the empowerment of endogenous resources, is beginning to take hold. In this sense, there is a significant change in the conceptualization of development along with the vision of exogenous development that promotes the attraction of capital and external companies to boost the economic growth of a territory.

 

          In this way, the source highlighted, that is the strength of the notion of local economic development, where local development processes occur thanks to the efficient use of local economic potential, which is facilitated by the proper functioning of institutions and mechanisms of regulation of the territory.

 

2.2. Ornamental gardens

De la Cruz (2011), pointed out that "a garden is an outdoor open space populated by plant species of various ornamental characteristics and with some constructions for rest and recreation of humans" (p.5). It is therefore a space created by and for men without greater pretension than that of human enjoyment and contemplation. They are spaces that are made without an economic purpose since they do not report any benefit by themselves, but we do have to take into account that it is necessary to dedicate time and money for their correct maintenance, since if we let many of those species grow and develop according to their natural appearance would lose the ornamental characteristics of the original design of the garden, and many of them would not fit with the planting frames that are used in gardening. It is necessary, therefore, to take into account that an economic item will have to be allocated to the maintenance of the garden.

 

Similarly, the source said that an ornamental garden can only be preserved if it has been well planted, for which it is essential to know and study gardening, everything related to plants, land and irrigation, which will depend on the need water from there that a garden reaches the fullness of its beauty after many years of being planted; its construction lasts on average two years and its permanence reflects the conditions in which it was established. The garden is a luxury, a place of recreation and leisure, in the layout of the garden must take into account the orientation, climate, water, soil, total area and orography, existing vegetation, if any, and how you want or would like it to be. The orientation of the terrain is decisive to project a garden and make the selection of the plants that are most suitable for each area. Finally, he said that in the gardens already planted there are no precise guidelines because the enclosures, trees and the rest of the planted vegetation have modified the hours of the sun inside, creating their own shadows and microclimates, in this sense planting gardens in community areas are great advantage for the recovery of idle green areas which, when used, become a benefit for the community, for being part of the leisure and recreation hours.

 

2.3. Community participation

          Under the concept of community participation is expressed, that communities organized in the search for the common good and the solution of the problems that may arise, can adopt mechanisms of participation, this sense, the legal framework of the constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela it refers to citizen participation, in which case article 62 considers, verbatim, the following: All citizens have the right to participate freely in public affairs, directly or through their elected or elected representatives. The participation of the people in the formation, execution and control of public management is the necessary means to achieve the leading role that guarantees their complete development, both individually and collectively.

 

          In this way, the conscious and voluntary participation of citizens in the solution of socio-environmental problems is a vitally important factor, which must be taken into consideration for the promotion of community activities that allow inserting the participation of citizens, as well as training of values ​​based on the conservation of the environment, in this case the construction of ornamental gardens for the benefit of citizens.

 

3. Legal Bases

As far as the legal bases are concerned, the present investigation will have support from a legal point of view in the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, where the concern with the preservation of the environment is reflected.

 

In this sense, article 127. Express the following:

It is a right and duty of each generation to protect and maintain the environment for the benefit of itself and the future world. Everyone has the right individually and collectively to enjoy a life and a safe, healthy and ecologically balanced environment.

 

          With regard to this article, our constitution plays a leading role in the research proposal, considering that it is the legal element that supports this investigation, in virtue of which it highlights the duty that citizens have to protect the environment.

 

          Likewise, the magna carta stands out in its articles (128 and 129) The duty that the state has to develop environmental policies that allow for the ecological and environmental reality of the populations to be addressed, in the search to conserve the environment.

 

3.1. Organic Law of the Environment. Title III of the environmental planning (2006).

According to this, article 26 of the Organic Law of the Environment, contemplates the following:

The planning of the environment is circumscribed to an integral and hierarchical system of plans, whose fundamental instrument is the national plan of territorial planning. The national environmental plan will be developed with a binding nature by all the organs and entities of the national, state and municipal public power, as well as the communal councils. The environmental plans, national, regional, state, municipal and local conform the national system for the planning of the environment and are fundamental instruments of public management in environmental matters.

 

          In accordance with the provisions of this article, reference is made to the objectives that must be taken into consideration for the effective planning process in the field of the environment, which is of vital importance for the development of relative activities, for the conservation of the environment, hence these articles are relevant in the research addressed, being that they allow to consolidate the context of planning.

 

3.2. Organic Law on Security of the Nation Title I. Fundamental Provisions.

Article 1. The purpose of this Law is to regulate the activity of the State and society, in matters of security and integral defense, in accordance with the constitutional guidelines, principles and purposes.

 

Article 2: Security of the Nation. The security of the Nation is based on integral development, and is the condition, state or situation that guarantees the enjoyment and exercise of the rights and guarantees in the economic, social, political, cultural, geographical, environmental and military spheres of the principles and constitutional values by the population, institutions and each of the people that make up the State and society, with a generational projection, within a democratic, participatory and protagonist system, free of threats to their survival, their sovereignty and the integrity of its territory and other geographical spaces.

 

According to these articles, it is considered the duty of the state to ensure the development of environmental policies, which allow for the strengthening of the active and leading participation of society, hence the importance at the legal, social and political levels. that has been given to environmental education, through a series of actions leading to the comprehensive management of the environmental system, with the aim of achieving an adequate quality of life, preventing or mitigating environmental problems, seeking the most viable way to achieve a balance for the rational use of resources, protection and conservation of the environment.

 

4. Methodological framework

4.1. Nature of the Investigation

The present study is based on promoting the construction of ornamental gardens as a strategy of local participation in the beautification of green areas in the Morrocoy Coast Community, San Silvestre Parish, Barinas Municipality, Barinas State. The study is based on the qualitative approach, since it tries to understand people within their frame of reference, so it is essential to experience reality as others experience it. According to Martínez (2008), he affirms that "qualitative research tries to identify the profound nature of realities, their dynamic structure. What is desired is the detailed analysis of a particular issue or activity, ie; what is sought is to solve in detail the situation or problem studied" (p.24).

 

4.2. Type of Research

With respect to the type of research, it will be guided by the Participatory Action Research, which means that the researcher also participates in the study and is within the observed context of the phenomenon, in addition to sharing with the inhabitants of the community. In this regard, Hernández, Fernández, and Baptista (2008), point out that:

Descriptive studies independently measure the concepts or variables with which it has to do; although of course you can integrate the measurements of each of these variables to tell how the phenomenon of interest is and is manifested. Since you work in a geographical area and with "people" or "subjects", who are the sources of knowledge, using as instruments different types of observation, surveys, interviews, questionnaires, tests or tests to make inquiries (p.16).

 

In accordance with the aforementioned, the present investigation is pertinent, since the purpose is the intervention of the researcher to promote the construction of ornamental gardens as a strategy of local participation in the beautification of green areas in the Community of Morrocoy coast, Parroquia San Silvestre, Barinas Municipality, Barinas State.  

 

4.3. Design of the investigation

          The study was anchored within a field design. In this sense According to the author Arias (2007), defines: Field research is one that involves the collection of data directly from the subjects investigated, or the reality where the events occur (primary data), without manipulating or controlling variable some, that is, the researcher obtains the information, but does not alter the existing conditions. Hence its character of non-experimental research.

 

It is important to reflect that, through the instrumentation of the established design, it is considered opportune to carry out a diagnosis of the reality that has to see the construction of ornamental gardens as a strategy of local participation in the beautification of green areas in the Community of Morrocoy coast , San Silvestre Parish, Barinas Municipality, Barinas State.  

 

4.4. Stages of the Study.

a). The Participant Observation: This will be carried out through different visits made to the community in order to perceive the problem according to the opinions and manifestations of the members of the community, which will allow identifying the problem in a timely manner as the support of the members of the community. community.

 

b). Participatory Research: Once the problem is identified, the theoretical-methodological aspects that refer to the subject will be described, which is why different conceptual and legal strata will be analyzed, which support the research from the theoretical point of view. In this way the methodological features in which the study is inscribed will be described, they guide the study methodologically in a significant way.

 

c). Participatory Action: This phase will be developed through the informative and communicative interaction between the researchers and the community, giving way to the proposal of actions that seek to give immediate response to the evidenced problem.

 

d). The evaluation: In this last phase, the means of verification will be applied to establish the achievements, weaknesses and situations to be improved during the implementation of the action plan prepared to respond to the problem that has been raised.

 

4.5. Key informants

A key informant is a person who has sufficient knowledge of the area investigated, and their input and experience is valuable for the subject under study, in relation to it, Parra (2006), states that the observation unit or informant is the one by means of which the information is obtained, that is, it is the reporting unit.

 

          Therefore, it is indicated that the informant units of the current study were four (04) individuals who live in the Community of Morrocoy Abajo, belonging to the San Silvestre parish, which were chosen as active members of the community, knowledgeable about the situations that affect the community environment.

 

4.6. Research techniques and data collection

Regarding data collection techniques, these can be considered as the procedures that the researcher manipulates to collect the information required in the design of the research. To the foregoing Arias (2012), expressed "are the different ways or ways to obtain information" (p.53). Given the nature of this research, and depending on the data required, the techniques used were the interview and observation, which were applied to the participants of the research addressed in the community, in which case they were taken to four (04) individuals from whom an attempt is made to obtain information relevant to the object of the research addressed.

 

Regarding the instruments of records of the interviews, recorder and reminder sheets were used. All this with the intention of giving fidelity to the answers and opinions for a better use of the data.

 

5. Conclusions

Regarding the final considerations of the investigation, the conclusions emerge, based on the objectives relevant to the study.

 

In this way the first objective defined diagnose the conditions of the gardens that are in the Morrocoy Coast Community, San Silvestre Parish, Barinas Municipality for the recovery of recreational and leisure spaces for it, the detailed description of the desired context is made improve, is to describe reality as objectively as possible and then determine if it is necessary to present an alternative to regenerate the problem.

 

  Regarding the second objective, which refers to Planning local participation strategies aimed at the construction of community gardens for the beautification of green areas in the Community of Morrocoy coast, San Silvestre Parish, Barinas Municipality, is specified in the pedagogical contributions that they are offered that can be provided to the community to improve the problem.

 

With regard to the third objective, to implement, through the participation of local members, the beautification of the green areas of the Costa de Morrocoy Community, San Silvestre Parish, Barinas Municipality, is to consolidate the proposal to involve the community in the activities related to the conservation of the environment.

 

  Finally, the fourth objective, Evaluate the local participation evidenced during the construction of community gardens for the beautification of green areas in the Community

 

This objective also seeks to create a conservationist consciousness in the inhabitants who live in the community. To make them aware of the need to maintain an environment in good conditions, through citizen participation.

 

6. References

Arias, F. (2012). El Proyecto de Investigación. Introducción a la Metodología Científica. 6ta edición, Venezuela: Espíteme.

 

Arias, F. (2007). El Proyecto de Investigación, introducción a la metodología científica. 5ta. edición. Caracas, Venezuela: Episteme, C.A.,

 

Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (2000). Gaceta Oficial Extraordinaria de la República Venezuela nº 5453, del 24 de marzo. Caracas, Venezuela.

 

De la Cruz, R. (2011). Iniciación a la jardinería. España: Aula Mentor.

 

Díaz, J. (2014). Arbustos Ornamentales de Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela Ornamental. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2014, Supl. 1: 224.

 

Hernández. S, Fernández, C. & Baptista, P. (2008). Metodología de la Investigación. 3r Edición. México. Editorial: McGraw-Hill.

 

Kreuter, M. (2005). Jardín y huerto biológicos. España: Editorial: Mundi-Prensa.

 

Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (2006). Gaceta Oficial de la República Venezuela nº 5833, del 22 de diciembre. Caracas, Venezuela.

 

Loyo, Q. (2013). Aprendamos Horticultura. Plantas Ornamentales. [Artículo en línea]. Recuperado de: http://aprendamoshorticulturaenlaeta.blogspot.com/2015/06/plantas-ornamentales.html

 

Martínez, M. (2008). Ciencia y arte en la metodología Cualitativa. México: Trillas.

 

Menes, F. (2006). Visión Ambiental de los Recursos Naturales en la actualidad. Caracas, Venezuela: Fundación Natural Editores.

 

Morales, M. (2006). Desarrollo local sostenible. [Artículo en línea]. Recuperado de: http://www.Redalyc.org/pdf/4255/425541310004.pdf

 

Ojeda, L. & Espejel, I. (2014). Cuando las áreas verdes se transforman en paisajes urbanos. La visión de Baja California. México

 

Parra, J. (2006). Guía de Muestreo. Primera Edición. Dirección de Cultura, Venezuela: Universidad del Zulia.

 

Restrepo, L. (2015). Jardines Ornamentales Urbanos Contemporáneos: Transnacionalización, Paisajismo y Biodiversidad. Un Estudio Exploratorio en Medellín, Colombia. [Artículo en línea]. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rfnam/v68n1/v68n1a16.pdf

 

Sierra, M. (2012). Recursos Ambientales y Políticas de Gestión. Ediciones Bellas Monte. Caracas, Venezuela: Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV).

 

Villegas, C. (2014). Análisis de los Ambientes Naturales en Latinoamérica. Revista Ambientalista de Publicación Semestral. 4º Edición. México: Chicago Ediciones.

 

 

Omaira Andreina Márquez Ramírez

e-mail: omairamarquez89@gmail.com

 

Natural of Barinas, Barinas State, Venezuela. Professor in Education mention Integral Education graduated from the Universidad Nacional Experimental de los llanos Occidentales Ezequiel Zamora (UNELLEZ). Currently she is a classroom teacher at N.E.R. 315 of the San Silvestre Parish in the Escuela Costa de Morrocoy Abajo.

He has participated in Workshops such as: Efficient Work Teams, Micro Operator Courses under Windows Milenium Environment, First Aid course, Emotional Intelligence Conference, Certificate: Professional Practices III, as an Excellent Companion, his Punctuality and Solidarity during the Internship period in the Escuela Básica Bolivariana El Arenal. Center Escolar Rural N.E.R. 147. Barinas State Barinas.

 

The content of this manuscript is disseminated under a Creative Commons License Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International

 

- Original Version in Spanish -

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29394/Scientific.issn.2542-2987.2018.3.7.12.231-249