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Strengthening of Environmental Education
Through the Planting of Ornamental Plants
Autora: Yosmary Del
Valle Mendoza
Universidad Pedagógica Experimental
Libertador, UPEL
Barinas, Venezuela
The purpose of this research work is to develop ornamentation and
afforestation activities to strengthen Environmental Education in the Sector 3
de Mayo. In Ciudad Bolivia, Pedraza Municipality, Barinas State. This work
framed the qualitative paradigm supported by an action research. The key
informants were represented in three May 3 sector inhabitants who with the
characteristic of being active members of the Local Council of the locality:
(1) one belonging to the education committee, (1) one that is part of the urban
land committee and rural and (1) one member of the health committee. It was
determined that the inhabitants of the community do not encourage activities of
beautification and environmental awareness. The technique used to collect
information was the interview, applying a contention script of (5) five
open-ended questions related to the subject matter. Within the informants'
testimonies the following findings were found, interviewees said that they lack
training in relation to the subject of ornamentation and maintenance of green
areas. Situation that requires the development of an action plan of
ornamentation and afforestation to strengthen environmental education in the
community.
Keywords: environmental
education; plants; natural resources.
|
Date Received: 13-07-2017 |
Date Acceptance: 07-10-2017 |
Fortalecimiento
de la Educación Ambiental a Través de la Siembra de Plantas Ornamentales
Resumen
El propósito del presente
trabajo de investigación es fortalecer la
educación ambiental a través de la siembra de plantas ornamentales en el Sector 3 de Mayo. En Ciudad Bolivia, Municipio Pedraza,
Estado Barinas. Este trabajo se
enmarcó el paradigma cualitativo apoyado en una investigación acción. Los
informantes claves estuvieron representados en tres habitantes
del sector 3 de mayo que con la característica de ser miembros activos del
Consejo Comunal de la localidad: (1) uno perteneciente al comité de educación,
(1) uno que hace parte al comité de tierra urbana y rural y (1) uno integrante
del comité de salud. Se determinó que los habitantes de la comunidad no
propician actividades de embellecimiento y sensibilización ambiental. La
técnica de recolección de información utilizada fue la entrevista, aplicando un
guion contentivo de (5) cinco interrogantes de característica abierta
relacionadas con la temática abordada. Dentro de los testimonios de los informantes
se encontraron los siguientes hallazgos, los entrevistados manifestaron que
tienen escasez de formación en relación con el tema de ornato y mantenimiento
de áreas verdes. Situación que requiere del desarrollo de un plan de acción de
ornato y arborización para fortalecer la educación ambiental en la
colectividad.
Palabras
clave:
educación ambiental; planta; recursos naturales.
|
Fecha de Recepción: 13-07-2017 |
Fecha de Aceptación: 07-10-2017 |
1.
Introduction
At present,
environmental problems are derived from the deterioration of natural resources;
it is the environment that provides the human being with what is necessary for
his development on the planet, therefore, it is the individual who should give
him an adequate treatment, however, the projects that seek the development of a
nation have a substantial impact on him. What causes that where there was a
forest today there is asphalt and where before there was a pond today is
present a garbage dump. Barros, (2013a), states that "This process will
accelerate in the coming decades; if there is no change in the behavior of
humanity, the consequences will be catastrophic during the XXII century" (p.5).
According to Barros,
(2013b), "Climate change appears as an ethical problem, one of
responsibility and solidarity towards future generations and the human species
and even towards life in the rest of the planet" (p.13). To contribute to
the conservation of the environment, it is necessary to make an effort so that
each individual reaches a degree of awareness about what is necessary for the
environment itself.
Fernández, (2014a),
expresses that "the demographic explosion; Conscience, economic
development has not always brought benefits to humanity, has triggered
ecological alterations of serious consequence, the forecast of an uncertain
future with enormous environmental problems, and depletion of natural resources"
(p.31). Undoubtedly, the population growth brings with it some damage to
nature, as well as the accumulation of waste in inappropriate places,
deforestation, contaminated air, which additionally transcends the health of
the communities.
Based on the above, this research had as a general purpose, strengthen
environmental education through the planting of ornamental plants is developed
to diagnose the needs of environmental training from the progress of an action
plan of ornamentation and tree planting in Sector 3 of May. In Ciudad Bolivia,
Pedraza Municipality, Barinas State.
2. The problem
The environmental issue today is a concern for all
humanity, pollution in the world has taken large dimensions, which has drawn
the attention of the rulers of nations for the huge amounts of resources that
must be invested in the collection and processing of waste of domestic origin
and industrial origin.
In this
sense, Agenda 21, established at the World Summit held in Rio de Janeiro by the
United Nations Organization on Environment and Development, was proposed as the
main global plan to face economic and ecological problems of the 20th century.
Sitarz, (1993), cited by Nebel and Wright, (2013), has defined Agenda 21, as
"a document of hope for the solution to the environmental and economic
problems of the world". From this point of view the States must be
executing this proposal and that it is necessary to avoid so much contamination
of the developed countries.
One of
the conclusions of Agenda 21 is the call to the different governments to
prepare or update strategies aimed at achieving environmental and development
integration in a way that increases the capacity of the populations to address
environmental issues without causing them detriment, establishing , the
orientation to the States to protect the environment as a non-renewable
resource, which is vulnerable to the hand of the man who deteriorates it.
Likewise,
the Kyoto Protocol, carried out in Montreal in 1997, cited by Report 21 (2013),
proposes the preservation of human life, as well as vegetation and animals,
establishing reduction and control agreements on gas emissions. and pollutants
that degrade the environment, these agreements are set by countries that emit
greater pollutants and with this agreement they commit to reduce the
degradation of the environment. As well as, regarding the substances that
deplete the ozone layer, protection and improvement of sinks and deposits of
greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account
the commitments under the relevant international agreements about the
environment; promotion of sustainable forestry management practices and reforestation.
For
Hitcher, (2013), "human beings are called to a radical change of
consciousness, because with the defense of water resources, ecosystems,
biodiversity and a sustainable development model the continuity of humanity is
guaranteed" (p.55). Every time an assault on the environment occurs,
Mother Earth is endangered. It is not about putting the individual as a
predator, it has to do with the values in society and the ways of life are
becoming more ostentatious.
Fernández,
(2014b), states that "a greater awareness is needed to take care of each
environmental space, the development model threatens to destroy our planet"
(p.144). This statement describes how a model of policies used in marketing and
industrialization has brought the debacle to various ecosystems, at the same
time the erosion of participatory processes and the decision-making of peoples
towards a coherent environmental education, for the conservation of natural
resources.
Likewise,
the non-governmental organization called Red Voltaire, states that in Brazil,
in the city of Curitiba (2006), the Manifesto of the Americas was held in
defense of nature and of biological and cultural diversity, where one of its
conclusions was the need "to move from a society of industrial production,
consumerist and individualist, which harms the ecosystems to a society that
achieves the support of all existence, which is guided by a socially just and
ecologically sustainable way". (p.5).
On the
other hand, Sepúlveda (2013), asserts that "agriculture, natural resources
and rural development, are productive and economic activities are related to
the deterioration of natural resources, putting it in the center" (p.28). In
addition, he affirms that development depends on the ability of community actors
to manage economic resources in harmony with the potential of natural
resources.
For
León (2013), "in Venezuela the existence of environmental problems is a
reality" (p.4). This goes back to the environmental policies applied by
the State that based its raison d'être, in the pursuit of economic development,
without irredeemably caring for the spoliation of environmental factors and the
degradation of ecosystems. Decreasing environmental principles and sacrifice of
ecological values.
In Barinas, in parallel, environmental
conditions have generated an opposite effect to the balance between the natural
environment and the population advance; bringing as consequences, the decrease
of flows in rivers and streams. In the same way the inhalation of polluting
air, application of slash and burn, losses in some species of flora and fauna,
deterioration of the green areas in the communities, important areas for the
observation of these autochthonous species have disappeared.
In this sense Martínez (2013), points out
"the need to explicitly contemplate the environment in educational
processes" (p.5), the processes of environmental education provide new
educational models and deepen in a reorientation of education imparted towards
the conservation and preservation of natural resources. The role of education
should be aimed at the solution of environmental problems, without leaving
aside the participation of communities in the process, at the same time the
interrelation between human beings in harmony with nature. That is why the
incorporation of environmental education is a responsible attitude and
committed to the environment.
If the population is not educated about
the danger of continuing irresponsibly depressing natural resources and the
environment, in a short time the human being will be lamenting more about the
situations that affect living beings. On the other hand, a participation
process that is aimed at communities essentially in the area of environmental
conservation focused on the decoration and maintenance of their communities is
significant.
Also, Montaldo (2013), argues that
"education performs the maintenance and transmission of culture, in order
to achieve its continuity" (p.3). The promotion of environmental education
has important implications and can lead to the development of a community,
allowing new skills to arise and solving environmental problems.
The community where the research is
carried out meets the favorable characteristics for the study, because in it
there is abandonment of green areas, bad placement of solid waste in the
backyards and fronts of the houses, dumping of wastewater from self-washed
improvised in the houses, among others.
The problematic previously raised, allows
to indicate that in this community there is a deficient environmental formation
which affects the environmental quality of the same, besides causing effects on
the health of the population, without noticing the inhabitants of the same,
that such situation is mostly caused by low awareness and knowledge about
environmental values. For this reason, it is necessary to create the mechanisms
that allow to propose actions directed to the formation of the communities in
environmental educational matter to improve the quality of their environment.
In
this sense, this research has the purpose of developing environmental
activities with the participation of the community for the decoration and tree
planting in Sector 3 de Mayo. Parish of Bolivia City, Pedraza Municipality, of
the Barinas State. For the above, it is proposed to answer the following
questions:
What
is the need to develop environmental activities with the participation of the
community for its ornamentation and tree planting? Will it be possible to
design an action plan for the decoration and arborization of the community?
What activities can be developed for the decoration and tree planting? of the
sector May 3?, What results would be obtained from the development of the
action plan for the decoration and tree planting of the sector May 3?
3. Theoretical references
3.1. Constructivism
This research is oriented
in the framework of the constructivist current, according to Chadwick (1999),
"the essence of constructivism is the individual as its own construction
that is produced as a result of the interaction of its internal dispositions
and its environment" (p.464), and his knowledge is not a copy of reality,
but a construction of the person himself, since it occurs through the learning
processes that the student builds in structures, that is, the different ways of
organizing the information, which will greatly facilitate future learning,
because they are organized representations of previous experience, relatively
permanent and serve as schemes that work to filter, codify, categorize and
evaluate the information that the student receives in relation to some relevant
experience.
3.2. Ornate
The term ornate in this study, refers to
the maintenance and care of the existing biotic environment, ie the green areas
and plant species in public spaces. For Zapata (2006), the decoration is
defined as "embellishment of natural and architectural spaces with the
purpose of interweaving these elements in order to obtain a balanced
composition between the natural and the artificial" (page 1). Therefore,
the green areas have been incorporated into the cities to return to the urban
environment the natural spaces that have been lost.
3.3. Ornamental plants
The plants represent an attraction in view of human beings which offers
a pleasant environment, in this sense the arborization is important to recover
natural spaces intervened by the action of man offering people living in urban
centers enjoy nature. Ornamental plants are used to decorate populated spaces,
according to Sánchez (2012);
It is
classified into three large groups: nursery plants (group 1), always used
outdoors in gardens, being cultivated normally in the middle of the earth;
florist plants (group 2), used as a cut flower or green accompaniment in
arrangements and floral compositions; and indoor plants (group 3), used mostly
in interior decoration, being grown in pots and planters (p.10).
Although with different uses, all of them
base their appeal on aesthetic qualities, such as color, texture, poise or
shape. Ornamental plants can be considered as those plants or their parts that
in their natural or preserved state can cover the function of visually
satisfying the consumer's taste and in some cases presenting an attractiveness
in their flowers, fruits or aromatic type. Also, Contreras (2015), Exhibits:
Conservation
necessarily implies a knowledge of ecology, the science that concerns the
relationships between life and environment, but ecology itself is based on a
wide variety of disciplines, and conservation encompasses feelings, beliefs and
attitudes that are sometimes complementary and others. diverging between
science and technology (p.80).
Reason for which this research work orientates to the
decoration in function of the conservation of the environment, offering to the
subjects of investigation essential knowledge of ecology, which are important
to improve the relationship between man and the environment, with respect to
the community where the study is developed the new experience contributes with
the best management of its green areas.
3.4. Environmental education
Environmental education is fundamental for the education of citizens in
order to build an ecological culture that improves the relationship of man with
the environment, according to Urrea (2016), "It is a context in which an
awareness is developed around the conditions of the environment and the way to
define the impact of the human being and his society". (p.158). According
to this definition, education must be oriented to the sensitization of human
beings in the preservation of the planet.
4. Methodological framework
The study is framed within the parameters of the
action research, since it is about solving a real concrete problem, without
reaching the theoretical generalization, in order to improve the practice.
Therefore, the problem that motivates this work is located within the participatory
action research. The action research is carried out in several stages, namely:
The design of a change proposal is made after the analysis and interpretation
of the information collected and always in the light of the objectives that are
pursued, it is possible to visualize the sense of the improvements that are
desired. (Hurtado and Toro, 2005a, p.35).
The steps or phases of participatory action research,
according to Hurtado y Toro (2005b), are:
Phase
I: Problematization.
Considering that educational work takes place in situations where practical
problems arise. The logical thing is that a project of this type starts from a
practical problem: in general, it is about inconsistencies or inconsistencies
between what is pursued and what actually happens. It is possible to
differentiate between: contradictions, when there is opposition between the
formulation of the author's claims, on the one hand, and their actions on the
other. Dilemmas, a special type of contradiction, can be presented as two irreconcilable
trends that are discovered when analyzing the practice, but that reveal
necessary values, or differences of interest or motivations between two or more
parties. Difficulties or limitations, those situations in which they are before
the opposition to develop the desirable actions of instances that can not be
modified or influenced from the direct and immediate action, which would
require a long-term action, as is the case of certain inertias institutional or
forms of organization.
Phase
II: Diagnosis: once the
meaning of the problem that will be the center of the research process has been
identified, and having formulated a statement of it, it is necessary to gather
information that will allow a clear diagnosis of the situation. The search for
information consists of collecting various evidences that allow a reflection
based on a greater amount of data. This collection of information should
express the point of view of the people involved, inform introspectively about
the people involved, that is, how they live and understand the situation being
investigated. In short, the reflexive analysis that leads to a correct
formulation of the problem and the collection of information necessary for a
good diagnosis, represents the path towards the coherent lines of action
related to the problem of ornamentation and tree planting that occurs in the
community May 3.
Phase
III: Design of activities:
once the analysis and interpretation of the collected information has been
carried out and always in light of the purposes of the research being pursued,
it is possible to visualize the meaning of the improvements that are desired.
The reflection, which in this case becomes prospective, is what allows us to
design a proposal for change and improvement, for the situation that occurs in
the 3 de Mayo Community in relation to the decoration and arborization of the
sector. In the same way, it is necessary at this moment to define an evaluation
design of the same. That is, anticipate the indicators and goals that will
account for the achievement of activities.
Phase
IV: Application of the
activities: once the action proposal is designed, it is carried out by the
interested persons. It is important, however, to understand that any proposal
that is reached after this analysis and reflection must be understood in a
hypothetical sense, that is, a new way of acting is undertaken, an effort of
innovation and improvement of the practice that it must be permanently
submitted to conditions of analysis, evaluation and reflection.
Phase
V: Evaluation: this whole
process, which would begin another cycle in the spiral of action research,
provides evidence of the scope and consequences of the actions undertaken, and
its value as an improvement of the practice.
4.1. Design of the investigation
The study constitutes a qualitative study. The design
of this research is field because the data is obtained directly from the
reality, in this way the Community 3 de Mayo is studied in depth for the
decoration and arborization of the same and thus strengthen environmental
education. In this regard, Bavaresco (2013) states that field design:
"consists in the characterization of a fact, phenomenon or group in order
to establish its structure or behavior" (p.48).
4.2. Scenario and key informants
The investigation was carried out in the 3 de Mayo Community, located in
Ciudad Bolivia, capital of the Pedraza municipality of the Barinas state, it
belongs to the urban area of the population. The social actors content in this
study refer to the population, from which the key informants for the respective
study are extracted. Which are represented in three inhabitants of the sector
May 3 that with the characteristic of being active members of the Community
Council of the town: (1) one belonging to the education committee, (1) one that
is part of the committee of urban land and rural and (1) one member of the
health committee. The testimonies of these people are fundamental to achieve
the purposes of the investigation.
4.3. Techniques and instruments for gathering
information
The
collection technique used for this research is the interview. For Hurtado y
Toro (2005c), "collecting data is intentionally and systematically
reducing by means of the use of the senses or a mediating instrument the
natural and complex reality to be studied" (p.142).
It is
important to note that the interview is an appropriate technique for
qualitative research in such a way that it is specified in an instrument by
which a person invites, face to face to another to provide information, this
can be based on a conversation free until a structured interrogation. Tamayo
and Tamayo (2013a, p.101) define it as "repeated face-to-face meetings
between the researcher and the informants, meetings aimed at understanding the
perspectives that the informants have of their experiences or situations as
they express them with their own words".
In this
same order of ideas, it is necessary to carry out the interviews for the
collection of the information, taking into consideration a beginning, a
development and a closure. It is important to point out that, with the
application of this technique, the necessary information is obtained from key
informants. Likewise, the observation technique is used to contrast the answers
of the interview made to the members of the Communal Council of May 3, the
instrument that accompanies the observation technique is called written record,
in which the control of the testimonies given by the units of analysis.
4.4. Validation
The
validity and reliability of a research instrument is extremely important
because it will yield real data that can be generated in the development of
theories, therefore, within this research the validity is focused on what
defines Tamayo and Tamayo (2013b ), "Effectiveness with which an
instrument measures what is intended" (p.193). In such a way that it is
based on the judgment of experts where the instrument is subject to the review
of professionals specializing in Environmental Education and Research
Methodology, who determine if the instrument in question presents the
conditions of validity of content.
For reliability,
the elements are based on an action of participatory and interactive type where
the researcher will apply the instrument to people from another community that
have the same characteristics of the context being studied, to later elaborate
the analysis with the interviewees themselves and thus verify the relevance of
the aspects present in the script of the interview and so the interview can be
applied in the form of an essay to five members of another community that
presents the same characteristics of the community under study.
With
the application of the interview and the observations made by the researcher to
the key informants, they have a definition of the ornamental plants, but they
do not personally mean anything to them, since they do not give importance to
it. as for having a garden in front of their houses; neither does the community
have green areas, however, there are desolate spaces that could be planted.
Regarding
the maintenance that they could perform the green areas existing in the
community, the diagnosis showed that a single key informant is responsible for
keeping at least the yard of your house clean, performing maintenance actions
to the same, another does not directly, but he executes actions for others to
carry out clean-up days in vacant lots, but there is one that does not perform
any action. That is why the sector May 3 presents problems of accumulation that
reduces aesthetics on the ornate and arborization of the community.
Likewise,
the members of the communal council do not promote beautification activities
for the sector, days of environmental awareness, decoration, tree planting and
embellishment, creating gardens with native, medicinal ornamental plants that
favor the beautification of the community. There is a shortage of training in
relation to the theme of decoration and maintenance of green areas, by members
of the Communal Council.
4.5.
Analysis of the information
The collection of information is carried out through
interviews conducted with the subjects under study, indicating the need for
their answers to be true, as well as the daily record of the observations made
to them, with the purpose of investigating the knowledge they possess in
relation to green areas, maintenance and plants. To then carry out the process of
organization and categorization of information, and finally interpret and
discuss the results, for the preparation of the final reflection.
With the application of the interview and the
observations made by the researcher to the key informants, they have a
definition of the ornamental plants, but they do not personally mean anything
to them, since they do not give importance to it. as for having a garden in
front of their houses; neither does the community have green areas, however,
there are desolate spaces that could be planted.
Regarding the maintenance that they could
perform the green areas existing in the community, the diagnosis showed that a
single key informant is responsible for keeping at least the yard of your house
clean, performing maintenance actions to the same, another does not directly,
but he executes actions for others to carry out clean-up days in vacant lots,
but there is one that does not perform any action. That is why the sector May 3
presents problems of accumulation that reduces aesthetics on the ornate and
arborization of the community.
Likewise, the members of the communal council
do not promote beautification activities for the sector, days of environmental
awareness, decoration, tree planting and embellishment, creating gardens with
native, medicinal ornamental plants that favor the beautification of the
community. There is a shortage of training in relation to the decoration and
maintenance of green areas, by the members of the Communal Council.
In addition to this, there is no participation
and integration activities with the community in this sector to generate
actions that favor the environment, perhaps that is why the community in
environmental matters is serious. In such a way that this diagnosis generates
as a possible solution the need to develop ornamental and tree planting
activities for the strengthening of environmental education.
5. Conclusions
This
investigation showed that there is a need for the design of environmental
activities for the strengthening of Environmental Education in Sector 3 de
Mayo. In Ciudad Bolivia, Pedraza Municipality, Barinas State, because the
members of the communal council have a definition of ornamental plants, but for
them they have no meaning, since they do not give importance to it in terms of
having a garden in front from their house; In the same way in the community
there are no green areas, looking desolate, without any environmental wealth.
Therefore,
the members of the communal council do not promote beautification activities
for the sector, days of environmental awareness, decoration, tree planting and
embellishment, creating gardens with native, medicinal, ornamental plants,
which favor the beautification of the community, because there is a shortage of
training in relation to the theme of decoration and maintenance of green areas,
by the members of the Community Council and therefore in the community in
general.
A
series of talks and meetings were held to promote the integration,
participation and planning of actions for the realization of days of decoration
and embellishment of the sector, with the participation of the members of the
communal council and the neighbors of the sector, where they looked for
solutions successful in the face of the existing problem.
Finally,
a follow-up of the activities was carried out in order to review the actions
and guide them, for the benefit of the days of tree planting and decoration in
the strengthening of environmental education and the improvement of the quality
of life of the inhabitants of community.
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de la Plaza “Delia Ávila de Zapata”. Estado Sucre. Recuperado de: http://www.monografias.com/trabajos35/plaza-avila-zapata/plaza-avila-zapata.shtml
Yosmary Del Valle Mendoza
e-mail: yos14mendoza@gmail.com
Born in Venezuela. Bachelor in Education, Geography
and History. Universidad Nacional Experimental de Los Llanos Ezequiel Zamora.
He is studying a Master's Degree in Environmental Education and Development at
the Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador, Barinas. He works as a
classroom teacher at the Liceo Nacional Bolivariano Dr. Carlos María González
Bona, Bolivia City, Pedraza Municipality. State Barinas for thirteen years.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.29394/Scientific.issn.2542-2987.2018.3.7.16.309-328