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Sensitization in the Handling of Garbage in Initial Education
Author: Santa Yoraima Monzón Bravo
Universidad Pedagógica
Experimental Libertador, UPEL
Barinas, Venezuela
Abstract
The study was addressed
through an objective to formulate a plan of awareness in the handling of
garbage in the Bolivarian Initial Education Center "Cinqueña III" of
the Barinas State Barinas. The investigative approach used was quantitative, through
a feasible project with a field design. The population universe consists of
twelve (12) professionals in teaching, twenty (20) parents and representatives
of the aforementioned educational center, which were selected because they
belong to the same study context, the sample was one hundred percent (100%).
The data was obtained by the application of two questionnaires with twenty (20)
questions each with three alternatives always, sometimes and never, validated
by expert criteria and for reliability a pilot test was used through the Alpha
coefficient of Cronbach with a result of 0.846. The referrals were reflected in
charts and graphs to obtain a conclusive vision in which the social actors
became aware of the manipulation of waste through activities and strategies to
change attitudes and consumption habits in the target population.
Keywords: environmental management; communication in group;
waste treatment.
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Date Received: 22-11-2017 |
Date Acceptance: 23-02-2018 |
Sensibilización en la Manipulación de Basura en Educación Inicial
Resumen
El estudio se direccionó mediante un objetivo de formular un plan de
sensibilización en la manipulación de la basura en el Centro de Educación
Inicial Bolivariano “Cinqueña III” del municipio Barinas estado Barinas. El enfoque investigativo empleado fue el cuantitativo, a través de un
proyecto factible con un diseño de campo. El universo poblacional lo
constituyen doce (12) profesionales en la docencia, veinte (20) padres y
representantes del mencionado centro educativo, los cuales fueron seleccionados
porque pertenecen al mismo contexto de estudio, la muestra fue el cien por ciento (100%). Los datos se obtuvieron
por la aplicación de dos cuestionarios con de veinte (20) preguntas cada uno
con tres alternativas siempre, algunas veces y nunca, validándose mediante el
criterio de expertos y para la confiabilidad se utilizó una prueba piloto a
través del coeficiente de Alfa de Cronbach con un resultado de 0.846. Las
derivaciones se reflejaron en cuadros y gráficos para obtener una visión
conclusiva en la cual los actores sociales tomaron conciencia sobre la
manipulación de la basura por medio de actividades y estrategias para cambiar
actitudes y hábitos de consumo en la población objetivo.
Palabras clave: gestión ambiental; comunicación en grupo; tratamiento de desechos.
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Fecha de Recepción: 22-11-2017 |
Fecha de Aceptación: 23-02-2018 |
1.
Introduction
The demands faced by
education, during the evolution of the 21st century, have been characterized by
being responsible to the environment, taking into account conservation as one
of its elements, through the commitment to care for and preserve resources, in
addition to acquiring a environmental conscience in which citizens participate
responsibly. From there, these aspects have been considered by the laws in
force as a right and a duty combined with the interaction of educational actors
for the transformation of the environment.
From this perspective,
there is the possibility of introducing environmental changes that provide
opportunities for both teachers and children to make an appropriate use of it
assuming conservationist attitudes that involve the handling of waste through
its reuse, to transform waste in utilitarian materials that can be used during the
development of the activities in the different learning spaces. This approach,
the question arose: What are the requirements of a plan of awareness of the
teaching staff and community on the handling of garbage in the Center of
Initial Bolivarian Education "Cinqueña III" of the Barinas
municipality, Barinas state? Allowing the realization of an investigation with
the objective of formulating a plan of sensitization in the handling of garbage
in the Center of Initial Bolivarian Education "Cinqueña III" of the
municipality Barinas State Barinas.
2.
The problem
Contemporary society
demands actions to overcome ecological problems together with the environmental
crisis arising from the growing industrialization in different areas of life, which
cause a negative impact on the quality of the environment, reflected on the
basis of high pollution. Therefore, it is up to the educational institutions to
assume environmental education as a participation process with the permanent
action of the socio-educational actors involved in the education system.
In fact, it agrees
with the statements made by Boada (cited in Briceño and Romero, 2007a): who
considers it as "a permanent process in which individuals and the
community become aware of their skills, experience, and also the determination
that they it will allow acting individually or collectively to solve current
and future environmental problems" (p.493); involving, therefore,
teachers, children, parents, representatives, members of the community, among
others. From there, it is evident the need to introduce changes in the
teacher's practice that lead to a practice based on environmental management.
In this way,
environmental management is accompanied by actions for the conservation of resources,
through activities aimed at an integrated management of solid waste and
introducing the reuse of products in the development of materials that can be
used as resources for learning in the educational institutions. On the specific
Bureau Veritas Training, cited in Saez, Leal and Monastery (2014a): notes
"reuse is defined as the action of reusing discarded goods or products,
with the same purpose for which they were designed, ie give materials more than
one lifetime" (p.122); implying, thus, actions that preserve the
environment and favor the conditions of the members in the educational
institution.
Therefore, education
is a determining factor in the formation of individuals, which is why
conservationist actions should be introduced during childhood, that is, in
pre-school education, because the infant is progressively aware of the
environment in which it develops; In addition, he is acquiring mastery of the
contributing abilities in the configuration of his intellectual and affective
maturity. Likewise, the Initial Education Center constitutes the space for the
internalization of knowledge that leads it to make decisions about the problems
it faces in a dynamic society. Therefore, it is up to the teacher to create in
the preschoolers an ecological conscience to give an adequate use to the
natural resources in a way that preserves them and preserves them from possible
damages that unbalance them.
Taking as reference
the above, the need arises for an investigation that is an expression of the
questions: What are the requirements in a plan to sensitize the teaching staff
and community about the handling of garbage? Of what can be determined the
feasibility in the proposal oriented to the awareness in the educative actors
and community on the management of waste and solid waste?
Likewise,
the following was considered: What will be the design of the proposal for a
plan referred to above addressed to the members of the teaching staff and the
community? How to apply the planned actions? What would be the process for the
evaluation of the benefits in carrying out the activities?
2.1.
Investigative Intentions
2.1.1.
Intent Rector
Formulate a plan of
awareness in the handling of garbage in the Bolivarian Initial Education Center
"Cinqueña III" of the Barinas state Barinas.
2.1.2.
Concrete Intentions
Diagnose the
requirements of a teacher awareness plan on the handling of garbage.
Determine the
feasibility in the proposal of the intention to raise awareness for human
talent about the use of garbage.
Design awareness plan
for teaching staff about the use of garbage in the educational institution
studied.
It should be noted
that the present project of work of degree is framed with the line of research:
Education, Development and Community Management, which serves as a foundation
to the subprograms of Masters in the Barinas Academic Nucleus of the
Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador.
3.
Empirical Perspective
3.1.
Previous studies
In correspondence to
previous studies considered as a research background related to the subject
under study, Palella and Martins (2012a): states "the background of the
investigation, understood as different works made by other scholars on the same
problem" (p.63); for which a review of postgraduate thesis, institutional
research, specialized journals, conference proceedings, among others, was
carried out.
Thus, Sáez, Leal and
Monasterio (2014b): in a paper entitled: "Solid waste in educational
institutions", with the objective of knowing the behavior of the amount of
solid waste in kilograms per day (Kg / day) generated in the educational
institutions of the Maracaibo municipality of Zulia state, backed by positivist
foundations, such as ecological constructivism, as well as notions and
regulatory compendiums of the reuse in education.
In the same way, Briceño
and Romero (2007b): carried out a work called: "Formation of values in
environmental education for the conservation of the ecosystem", with the
objective of analyzing the formation of values in environmental education for
the conservation of the ecosystem in the subject Environmental Education of the
Bachelor of Integral Education of the National Experimental University Rafael
María Baralt; Methodologically it was located as a field investigation and of
the descriptive type.
Consequently, the
analysis established that the reasons for not encouraging works that promote
environmental values in the school, are due to the scarce intervention in the
decisions made and the knowledge for the protection and preservation of the
environment.
3.2.
Theoretical Bases
The theoretical bases were directed according to a
sensitization plan, understood as a structured process for the design and
organization of actions that will raise awareness among the members of the
institution, therefore, it is a planning instrument that reflects the
strategies and guidelines to be followed by the institution. In this regard,
Benjumea and Carrión (2011): defines it as "an integrated set of
objectives, goals and activities within the framework of environmental
policies" (p.4); which implies a planning that is designed to transform
reality.
Thus, it is oriented towards the improvement of
educational conditions through the coordination of activities to identify
situations that require a change in the attitudes and behavior of those
involved. In addition, it provides a scenario for the introduction of aspects
related to surveillance, valuation, search and monitoring of actions; being
able to execute activities that benefit the quality of the environment both in
the schools and in the community in which it is inserted through the reuse of
solid waste.
In this order of ideas, the classification made by
Bustos (2009) was taken as a reference with respect to solid waste: who places
them as "organic and inorganic" (page 12); structuring the reuse of
organic waste, towards the controlled decomposition of fruits, vegetables,
grass, leaves, among others; that is, to reach its disintegration or
putrefaction through the action of microorganisms, oxygen and climatic factors;
It can be converted into organic fertilizer for plants. Meanwhile, the reuse of
inorganic waste decomposes naturally, which is why they can be reused or
transformed through artificial or mechanical methods.
4. Methodological framework
In
relation to the procedures that make up the methodology implemented in the
research process, it assumes the outlined by the Experimental Pedagogical
University Liberator, UPEL (2016a): states "describes the methods, techniques
and procedures applied so that the reader can have a clear vision of what was
done, why and how it was done" (p.34); implying, in this way, the
processes carried out to adapt the problem to the reality studied.
4.1. Design of the investigation
The preceding ideas lead to highlight the research
process was developed under the positivist approach, framed in a feasible
project, supported by a field research of a descriptive, non-experimental and
transeccional type. Regarding the modality, when paraphrasing the Manual of
Specialization Degree and Master's and Doctoral Theses of the Pedagogical
Experimental University of Liberation, UPEL (2016b): it lies in the
exploration, production and improvement of a proposal of a possible
representation to correct difficulties, demands or insufficiencies through the
enunciation of skills, methods, techniques or knowledge.
It is important to underline, this modality must be
fulfilled in the phases that Palella and Martins (2012b): pose as of diagnosis,
establishment of theoretical elements as methodological processes for the
execution of the activities; in addition, the feasibility, implementation of
the proposals.
What is reflected by the author, has to start
with a diagnosis of the real situation under study, followed by a feasibility
and finally the proposal. In Phase I of diagnostic research, by means of the
exploration, examination or detection of the problem studied through the
application of processes to obtain the information, for the verification of the
problem, that the study will use questions to educators as parents. .
On the other hand, Phase II corresponds to the preparation
of the proposal as an alternative that aims to solve the existing problems in
the Initial Education Center under study. While, Phase III, they are directed
towards the evaluation of feasibility; that is, the viability is determined as
availability of financial and human resources for execution of the proposal in
question.
4.2. Population and Sample
In the investigation,
Balestrini's (2006) approach was assumed: regarding the population, who points
out constitutes the "set of elements of which we intend to investigate and
know their characteristics, or one of them, and for which the conclusions
obtained in the investigation" (p.137); being composed of twelve (12)
teachers, as well as twenty (20) parents and preschool representatives under
analysis, selected because they work in the aforementioned institution, while
the representatives for their participation in the planned activities and
commitments as responsibilities assumed.
4.3.
Validation
To achieve the
effectiveness of the questions, Palella and Martins (2010c): states: "is
defined as the absence of bias. It represents the relationship between what is
measured and what one really wants to measure" (p.172); for this reason,
based on this theoretical basis, the questionnaire will be validated through
the criteria of three specialists to verify the existing relationship between
all the elements referring to the operationalization of the variables, in
addition to the observations made by the experts, in order to readjust the
items.
4.4.
Analysis of data
The use of data analysis technique, which are defined by Sabino
(2014): as "procedures that are submitted data to verify the results of
the investigation" (p.185); which, in this case, will be carried out
through descriptive statistics, based on the development of frequency
distribution tables. Regarding the instrument applied to teachers, the results
obtained are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Distribution Frequency and Percentage in relation to the Variable: Sensitization plan for the
management of solid waste in its Dimension:
Classification for the Indicator:
Paper and Cardboard. At the Initial Education Center, solid waste from paper
and cardboard is classified.
|
Option |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
Always |
0 |
0% |
|
Sometimes |
0 |
0% |
|
Never |
12 |
100% |
|
Total |
12 |
100% |
Source: Instrument applied by the
Author (2017).
Regarding Table
1, (100%) of the teachers thought that "Never" in the Initial
Education Center classifies solid waste from paper and cardboard, which are
stored temporarily for classification and deposited in containers that are
judged de González, Muñoz and Parra (2015a): allow their separation as
"organic, recyclable and non-recyclable or waste at the place of
origin" (p.39); becoming, a mechanism that can add value to waste from
paper and cardboard. Similarly, Table 2 shows.
Table 2. Distribution
Frequency and Percentage in relation to the Variable: Awareness Plan for
the management of solid waste in its Dimension: Recycling Cycle for the Indicator:
Reduce. In the institution actions are taken to reduce the existence of solid
waste.
|
Option |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
Always |
0 |
0% |
|
Sometimes |
0 |
0% |
|
Never |
12 |
100% |
|
Total |
12 |
100% |
Source: Instrument applied by the
Author (2017).
Observing in
these results that the (100%) of the teachers thought that "Never",
in the institution actions are taken to reduce the existence of solid waste.
This results in polluting problems inside and outside the institution, so that
should be taken in the matter to create environmental awareness, where teachers
and community help to solve them, hence the reduction of solid waste according
to González, Muñoz and Parra (2015b): they indicate that reducing, is done with
"the purpose is to reduce the expense of raw materials, water and consumer
goods, as well as the contribution of CO2 to the atmosphere and the consumption
of energy (both the one destined to the creation of a product like its transport
and distribution)" (p.36).
5.
Conclusive Vision
From the point of view
of the researcher, it is considered of vital importance the treatment of
environmental values in educational institutions, especially in Initial
Education Centers because it introduces the child into the space of
environmental preservation; In addition, it creates in the infant a
responsibility towards the preservation of resources, making use of actions
such as garbage manipulation; transcending thus, the prevailing culture in the communities
characterized by the existence of waste considered as garbage that can be
transformed and used as resources for learning.
It is important to
point out that the handling of garbage is part of the contents of Environmental
Education, which according to González (2017): should be assumed as "an
educational process that emphasizes the awareness of ecological and
socio-cultural problems that allow the promotion of actions with preventive and
remedial character" (p.108), which implies, the recognition of the
inherent values of the area, oriented towards the preservation and
conservation of the environment.
In this way, we can
diagnose the requirements of a plan to raise awareness of the teaching staff
about the handling of garbage, based on knowledge, skills and attitudes that
favor a culture towards the management of waste until achieving its reuse;
starting from a responsible environmental behavior. In this sense, an
educational practice was derived that considered the variables or environments
and the interactions that influence so that the development takes place in an
integral and harmonic way: the family, the school together with the community.
Considering the
previous approaches, it was determined that the awareness plan formulated is
considered viable from the technical point of view, by the presence of highly
qualified and trained personnel within the Barinas municipality as well as in
Barinas State, who wishes to collaborate in the development of initiatives that
substantially improve environmental conditions in educational institutions; In
addition, it is financially feasible because a financing program was
established, which included the co-management of resources with the
institutional groups that make life in the school and public and private
organizations that exist in the community.
In the same way, the
plan responds to the strategic guidelines of the Ministry of the Popular Power
for Education, aimed at achieving the integral development of national
education, in order to overcome environmental, social and cultural imbalances.
Likewise, it has an eminently social and educational character, because it is
oriented towards an integral, quality education that supports the insertion and
permanence of the student in the school institution.
Therefore, we designed
a plan to raise awareness among teachers about the use of garbage in the
educational institution studied, in the following phases:
Phase A: directed towards a process of
theoretical-practical training that included integration as participation of
educational actors in workshops, discussions and dissemination of the knowledge
acquired.
Phase B: directed towards the operation of the
proposal accompanied by a planning and implementation of the activities.
Phase C: called control and evaluation with the purpose
of assessing the activities carried out and therefore the awareness plan.
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Balestrini, M. (2006). Cómo se Elabora un Proyecto de
Investigación. Séptima. Edición. Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial BL.
Consultores Asociados. Servicio Editorial.
Benjumea, A., & Carrión T. (2011). Plan de Sensibilización Ambiental de Santa
Coloma de Gramenet. España: Congreso Nacional de Medio Ambiente. Cumbre del
Desarrollo Sustentable.
Briceño,
H., & Romero R. (2007a,b). Formación de valores en educación ambiental
para la conservación del ecosistema.
Universidad Rafael Belloso Chacín. TELOS.
Revista de Estudios Interdisciplinarios en Ciencias Sociales 9(3), 491-508.
Recuperado de: http://publicaciones.urbe.edu/index.php/telos/article/viewArticle/3282/4174
Bustos, C. (2009). La
problemática de los Desechos Sólidos. Economía, XXXIV, 27,
(enero-junio), págs. 121-144. Recuperado de: http://iies.faces.ula.ve/Revista/Articulos/Revista_27/Pdf/Rev27Bustos.pdf
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& Parra, L. (2015a,b). Estrategias
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Santa Yoraima Monzón Bravo
e-mail: santamonzon@gmail.com
Born in Palmarito, Apure
State, Venezuela. Graduate in Integral Education (UNELLEZ, Barinas), Specialist
in Educational Management, Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador,
UPEL-Guanare, Full Professor in El C.E.I.B. "Cinqueña lll",
Participant in the fourth level course of Formulation and Evaluation (2017).
The content of this manuscript
is disseminated under a Creative Commons License
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
- Original Version in Spanish -
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29394/Scientific.issn.2542-2987.2018.3.8.9.181-196