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Post-Oil Economy Based on the Development Exporter of Venezuelan Pymes: Towards an Environmental Vision

 

Author: Nelson Eugenio Montilla Aldana

Universidad Fermín Toro, UFT

nelson.montilla.aldana@gmail.com

Barinas, Venezuela

 

Abstract

Venezuela, despite its many natural virtues, has not been able to realize the economic and social development that is desired by most of its inhabitants, mainly because its economic policies and practices have not been supported by sustainable development, since its commercial exchange outwardly it adjusts to the exportation of raw materials, where minerals and hydrocarbons stand out, which lead to an intense exploitation process that in turn causes a progressive detriment of the environment and often irreversible damage to ecosystems. For this reason, the main intention of this article was to analyze the importance of a post-oil economy, based on the export development of Venezuelan SMEs. It is also supported methodologically in a documentary type study, in this sense the information used came from the verification of data contained in books, doctoral theses, scientific articles, among other physical and digital materials. Subsequently, after having recorded the information collected, a documentary analysis was carried out of it, special and necessarily on its content rather than on its form, which allowed the interpretation of the results obtained as a result of said analysis, which led to express a series of conclusions and formulate the respective recommendations.

 

Keywords: economies in transition; export, environmentalist; sustainable development.

 

 

 

Economía Post-Petrolera Fundamentada en el Desarrollo Exportador de Pymes Venezolanas: Hacia una Visión Ambientalista

 

Resumen

Venezuela a pesar de las múltiples virtudes naturales que posee no ha podido concretar el desarrollo económico y social que es deseado por la mayoría de sus habitantes, principalmente porque sus políticas y prácticas económicas no se han apoyado en el desarrollo sostenible, ya que su intercambio comercial hacia el exterior se ajusta a la exportación de materias primas, donde se destacan los minerales e hidrocarburos, los cuales conllevan a un proceso de explotación intenso que a su vez causan un detrimento progresivo del ambiente y muchas veces daños irreversibles en los ecosistemas. Por tal motivo la intensión principal del presente artículo fue la de Analizar la Importancia de una Economía Post petrolera, Fundamentada en el Desarrollo Exportador de las PYMES venezolanas. Además, se encuentra sustentado metodológicamente en un estudio de tipo documental, en este sentido la información utilizada provino la verificación de datos contenidos en libros, tesis doctorales, artículos científicos, entre otros materiales físicos y digitales. Posteriormente luego de haber registrado la información recolectada se llevó a cabo un análisis documental de la misma, especial y necesariamente sobre su contenido más que en su forma, lo que permitió la interpretación de los resultados obtenidos producto de dicho análisis, lo que conllevo a expresar una serie de conclusiones y formular las respectivas recomendaciones.

 

Palabras clave: economías en transición; exportación; ambientalista; desarrollo sostenible.

 

 

 

1.    Introduction

          Historically, the economy of Venezuela was characterized by being a producer and exporter of a series of agricultural and livestock items to obtain their main income, which included cocoa, coffee and cattle, which remained in the market for many years. , becoming the main source of wealth for the country of the time. Then this type of economy would suffer a drastic transformation, with the emergence of a new non-renewable natural resource such as oil, causing a great impact on the economic model as the country became a mono producer, giving way to a positive boom for that then due to the increase in the level of income obtained as a result of oil exports. This served to strengthen the Venezuelan financial system and in turn helped with the increase in gross domestic product (GDP), allowing a considerable change in the entire economic structure of the State.

 

With reference to this macroeconomic indicator, Krugman and Obstfeld (2006a) can be mentioned, where they affirm that:

Most countries, excluding the United States, have long used their gross domestic product (GDP) instead of GNP as their main assessment of the level of national economic activity. In 1991, the United States also began to follow this practice. It is assumed that GDP measures the volume of production made within the borders of a country. GNP equals GDP plus net income from the factors from the rest of the world (p.302).

 

          Currently the oil industry is the largest in the country and has remained the main source of income through exports to different countries around the world, which paradoxically has resulted in an imbalance in the entire Venezuelan production system, directly affecting the national economic model. That is to say, that instead of progressing in economic matters, it is decaying, giving way to a great progressive depression of the entire productive apparatus. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen not only the oil industry, but also to develop an integrating plan that incorporates a conglomerate of companies, to give way to a new impulse of the industrial park. This progressive crisis has been gaining strength in Venezuela due to the successive drop in the price of oil and the drop in production levels in recent years, despite the fact that it has the largest proven and certified reserves in the world.

 

          Starting from the above, it is necessary that in Venezuela the development of new companies be promoted, since it is not convenient to depend on just one sector of the economy as is the whole oil sector, so it is necessary to start a process of diversification of the economy, through joint efforts between the public sector and the private sector, without neglecting participation in current oil markets.

 

          In this same order of ideas it can be shown that the wealth derived from the use of natural resources to improve the economy of a nation, in the long run is not convenient, as it can have a negative impact on the environment. However, Venezuela has not wanted to get rid of the rentier and extractivist model of both renewable and non-renewable natural resources, since it has decided to venture into the exploitation of the soils and rivers of a certain area of ​​the country, through a project known as the Mining Arc . Which has aroused the concern of many environmentalists, due to the environmental impact of the execution of this type of economy, it is evident that the State promotes this economic model that is not viable in its entirety, because it has more weaknesses than advantages, that is why there is currently a contrast between the bonanza of oil income, the exploitation of minerals with the existing social inequality that goes hand in hand with a series of political and economic problems.

 

          That is why Krugman and Obstfeld (2006b), assert that:

Poverty is a basic problem for developing countries and getting out of poverty is their main political and economic challenge. Compared to the industrialized economies, most developing countries are poor in terms of production factors essential for modern industry: capital and skilled labor. The relative scarcity of these factors contributes to low levels of per capita income and often prevents developing countries from achieving the economies of scale that benefit many richer nations (p.658).

 

          Although it is true that a country's development policy can not be based solely and exclusively on the exploitation and exportation of natural resources such as hydrocarbons and minerals, it is necessary to build favorable economic models for nations, where a balance is guaranteed sustainable for the societies, due to this it is imperative to promote a post-petroleum economic culture, that goes hand in hand with the business diversification without neglecting the environmental part. For this reason, a set of organizations called small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) must be taken into account, so that they are part of this new integrating model.

 

          It is important to mention that this post-petroleum approach must have a series of strategies to be able to position itself as a new economic model in Venezuela, where it would stand out and take greater strength due to the environmental connotation that it must have, since the country must begin to take conscience in Its position with respect to the different economies of the world, which have been trying to maintain a harmony with the environment, is why Venezuela must prepare itself for the new economic challenges that set the global trends in order to be prepared to face this scenario post-oil industry that has been planned in the future, since as a result of this new proposals were presented in international markets, which previously seemed impossible, starting from that could incorporate and consolidate the national SMEs as the new export engine of said economy, allowing them to become a favorable alternative for the obt income and at the same time be able to achieve Sustainable Development (SD) for the Country.

 

          In this regard, it can be noted that the term sustainable development was disseminated and known to the world through the Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987); in which the DS was defined as "meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (p.2). This historical definition has lasted over time and has been taken into account by many academics as a starting point to generate new approaches that are in favor of improving the economic, social and environmental context of the countries, allowing in turn They can achieve growth in terms of quality of life levels and harmony with existing natural resources.

 

          Also, Angulo (2010), states that:

Such development would be sustainable if it linked economic decisions with social and ecological well-being, that is, linking the quality of life with the quality of the environment and, therefore, with economic rationality and social welfare. In other words, development is sustainable if it improves the level and quality of human life while guaranteeing and conserving the planet's natural resources (p.4).

 

          On the other hand, this type of approach becomes a necessity to prevent any type of action that may affect the environmental environment in which the different companies, especially the industrial ones, make life, since they may incur or cause irreversible damage to the environment. the ecosystem. That is why no organization is disconnected from this existing reality, therefore, it is vitally important that they take a leading role in promoting a preventive behavior accompanied by a series of public policies that go in keeping with maintaining a balance in the environment and thus avoid any contaminating and destructive agent that may affect it. It is important that these controls are not manifested with an altruistic role, if not, rather that they have a tendency on the part of the State, companies and society in general to project actions or policies related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

 

          With regard to this expression known as CSR, its definition can be easily understood in a concrete manner by the Commission of the European Communities (2001), in the Green Paper which defines it as: "voluntary integration, by companies, of social and environmental concerns in their business operations and their relationships with their interlocutors" (p.7). This classic manifestation has given rise to other intellectuals in the area expressing their opinions regarding the issue of corporate social responsibility.

 

          However, this philosophy should be promoted through the legislation of governments through institutions, so that they can disseminate principles, values ​​and social standards to companies to develop within a socially responsible context, not only because the society demands it, but because this would form a solid platform for the stability and sustainability of companies. In other words, it is a perspective that involves the welfare of the society or community within which the company develops, producing quality goods and services, where managers and workers of the companies maintain an ethical behavior that goes hand in hand with a environmental management in accordance with its productive activity.

 

          In this sense, all companies, both public and private, small, medium and large, must take into consideration the commitments linked to corporate social responsibility, since it directly affects their organizational and management policy. Therefore, strategies must be considered that contribute to causing a positive environmental impact when developing their economic activities in the different productive systems they execute and their future actions, which would give rise to an economy if it can be said of an environmental type.

 

          In this sense, Krugman and Obstfeld (2006c), state that:

The international economy uses the same fundamental methods of analysis as the other branches of the economy, because the motivation and behavior of individuals and companies are the same, both in international trade and in national transactions (p.3).

    

          At a global level, SMEs are within a strategic area of ​​the economic model of the different developed countries, which carry out a set of activities of production, transformation and commercialization of goods and services, due to this the governments try to promote different projects that attend these types of organizations, which over time have contributed to considerable economic and social development. In this same context, the globalized economy is often associated with large companies, leaving aside SMEs, but gradually achieving prestige that has allowed them to be part of the global development of the different international markets, generating a process of competitiveness among large, small and medium enterprises, where they converge in a main objective that is socio-economic growth.

 

          In this respect Krugman and Obstfeld (2006d), express that:

Economic growth implies an outward shift of the production possibilities of a country. This growth can be a consequence of the increase of the resources of a country, or of the improvement of the efficiency with which those resources are used (p.97).

 

          However, in Latin America, SMEs show some flaws that retard the progress and development of them, this is because in different scenarios the conditions they need are not the most appropriate, which prevents them from functioning properly in their different areas of action, they are currently struggling with the instability presented by the different financial structures and a legal framework that causes a lot of uncertainty for entrepreneurs who want to invest in order to consolidate and grow through local, national and international markets.

 

     It is convenient to point out that Venezuela does not escape from said reality, because our economic system is directly related to the economy of other countries and consequently all the situations that are generated beyond our borders cause a significant impact in our economy; since we are in the presence of a market that depends on oil exports, which is why this market becomes sensitive to the variation of prices of these products in international trade, adding the large internal imbalances, stimulated to a progressive imbalance in the economic policies of the country.

 

          Now, according to De la Hoz (2013), he says that:

International trade studies the causes and laws that govern the exchanges of goods and services among the inhabitants of different countries in their interest to satisfy their needs for scarce goods. In this definition it is important to highlight a quality that makes international trade different from any other type of trade and that is to cross the borders of a country in order to carry out this exchange of goods. Usually this border crossing is controlled by a customs office that is responsible for controlling the entry and exit of resources (p.15).

         

In this sense, Venezuelan SMEs present a series of scenarios where particular characteristics of this business sector are evident together with the environment in which they operate, which affect the evolution of these companies, due to the fact that they are immersed in a series of macroeconomic imbalances associated with the generalized economic crisis that the country is going through today, which is demonstrated according to the high inflationary levels caused by the constant recession that occurs in the Venezuelan economic model and coupled with that the fall of the national productive apparatus.

 

          All these circumstances generate a delay in the development of this set of companies, in this sense, the model and the way of operating that they exercise is harmful and therefore does not allow to achieve an efficient and effective progress of the different processes they handle. If this situation were maintained, there would be a deterioration of these organizations and at the same time an economic stagnation would be generated from greater latitudes for our country, which would prevent the progressive advance towards a new model of post-oil economy which has been proposed. This is why it is necessary to look for different alternatives to solve the problem and make the relevant changes to improve this existing reality.

 

          All this situation constitutes a problem that directly affects the construction of an emerging economic model; that in turn allows the diversification of the Venezuelan economy by adding an environmental connotation, so it is necessary and interesting that this article has as a general objective Analyze the Importance of a Post-Oil Economy, Based on the Export Development of Venezuelan SMEs. This is expected to demonstrate the development of a new economic model for the country in a post-oil context and in turn the impact that SMEs would have in international markets.

 

2.     Theoretical framework

 Next, in the present scientific investigation a series of contexts and theoretical referents will be addressed that will serve as a conceptual complement to give a logical sense to a set of ideas, which in turn will allow a possible understanding of a certain existing reality.

 

          The following historical antecedent is presented, a scientific article by Morillo (2007), titled "Venezuela in international trade and facing sustainable development", where:

I analyze the Venezuelan economy within the framework of sustainable development, linking its participation in foreign trade with sustainable development. It is recommended the urgent reduction of oil dependence, economic diversification and exports, to participate in international trade dynamically with high value-added products. The challenge is the processes of trade liberalization and globalization that promote ecological sustainability and equitable human development, integrating globally the ecological and commercial policies, since international trade does not necessarily raise the quality of life and health of the planet, on the contrary , everything depends on the efficient use of resources to create wealth in accordance with the protection of the environment (p.23).

 

          The contribution that this article offers is fundamental, since it maintains a certain relationship with the scientific research carried out, because it raises an in-depth analysis of the Venezuelan economy in the context of sustainability, together with participation in international trade, which leads to a growth and business development to large dimensions, because currently it is necessary to generate this type of behavior that are in favor of the environment, in order to be incorporated into both national and international markets. On the other hand, this background refers to the behavior maintained by the Venezuelan oil industry with the environment and the impact caused by it at the time of the exploitation and extraction of the hydrocarbon. To himself the reinforcement and application of the legal framework that regulates the environmental protection, on the part of the management of the Venezuelan Government which should be fulfilled fully.

 

          Next, the doctoral thesis of Martínez (2016), entitled "Strategies and determinants in the internationalization of SMEs in the context of Mercosur, Case of Uruguay", is presented as a research background:

The objective of this work was to investigate the profile of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Uruguay in the context of the Common Market of the South (Mercosur) based on an approach to internationalization of companies. To do this, some characteristics of SMEs are defined by comparing exporting companies with non-exporting ones. The aim is to identify the different determinants, strategies and forms used in the approach to international markets. On the other hand, given the evolution of the country's trade policy, the behavior of SMEs and the degree of incidence of said policy, as well as other issues that could be identified, are studied. In this way, it is intended to confirm the presence of an exporting business behavior, independent of government commercial policies (p.7).

 

          The analysis of this reference is very important for the development of this study, since it aims to show an internationalization approach of SMEs, so that they become exporting companies, allowing them to use different strategies to address international markets, which leads to their becoming possible generators of success in the economic processes of a country or a region, through the generation of a new economic model based on the processes of diversification.

 

2.1.     Small and Medium Enterprises (PYMES)

          In past decades the different economies of the countries of the world have been impacted by the large corporations that manage a high level of production of goods and services, and in turn large capitals, which allowed for many years to be affected by the development and growth of SMEs within the national productive system of developed and developing countries. Therefore it is necessary that the different governments provide the necessary support to this type of companies so they can evolve, becoming sources of employment and contribute to the reorganization and diversification of production, which will have a positive impact on GDP of the countries.

 

          However, it is often speculated that the success and evolution of companies depends on their organizational size, but this is not the case, since they usually arise according to the needs of an environment, due to this in currently there is a diversity of companies of different sizes, such as small and medium-sized companies, which are part of different sectors such as industrial, commercial and service.

 

          That is why in the case of Venezuela, Small and Medium Industries (PYMIS) are similar to the acronym of SMEs, where they present a definition protected within a legal framework, through the Law for the Promotion and Development of Small and Medium Industry and Social Property Units (2008), where it expresses in its Article 5 the following:

Small and Medium Industry: Any legally organized unit with the aim of developing a productive economic model through activities of transformation of raw materials into inputs, into industrial goods, manufactured or semi-processed, aimed at satisfying the needs of the community (p.4).

 

          Beyond this legal definition, SMEs can be considered as socioeconomic units capable of generating profits and being profitable within an economic process, which is why they can become agents that generate changes in their environment, and in turn manage to control and respond to the various situations that may arise in the local, national and international markets.

 

2.2.     The Uppsala model

The model predicts that the company will gradually increase its committed resources in a specific country as it acquires experience of the activities carried out in said market (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975a). The development of the activity abroad would take place through a series of successive stages that would represent an increasing degree of involvement by the company in its international operations (Rialp, 1999).

 

This theory of the phases of development establishes that the company, when it wants to enter a certain foreign market, goes through four different stages, which for the authors constitutes the so-called establishment chain. Specifically, this chain was defined in the following four stages: 1st). Sporadic or non-regular export activities; 2nd). exports through independent representatives; 3rd). Establishment of a commercial branch in the foreign country; 4th). Establishment of productive units in the foreign country.

 

As can be seen, each stage corresponds to a greater degree of international involvement of the company in that market, both in terms of resources committed and in regard to the experience and information that the company has on the foreign market, and represents a different mode of entry (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975b).

 

On the basis of the previous approach, it is important to consider that this theory about the internationalization of companies is carried out from a process perspective, since it is aimed at revealing the way how and when a national company can reach a level international company, that is, the moment in which it can be prepared to face all the challenges presented by the entry to the different international markets, taking into account the steps progressively so that they can be consolidated and in turn accumulate all that experience so necessary to face foreign trade.  

   

3.     Methodological framework

          The research presented is a documentary type that, according to Arias (2006), states that "it is a process based on the search, recovery, analysis, criticism and interpretation of secondary data, that is, those obtained and recorded by other researchers. in documentary sources: printed, audiovisual or electronic" (p.27). That is why the information used came from sources through the verification of data contained in books, doctoral theses, scientific articles, laws, decrees and orders, and any other bibliographic material that is associated with this study.

 

          The design adjusted for this study was documentary, since there was a series of bibliographic material that contained the necessary information to verify the research; It also allowed the development of different phases in order to obtain the appropriate ideas, which served as support for the preparation of the scientific article. Initially the main ideas related to the research were pointed out, then the exploration process was carried out and the whole situation that gave sustenance to the study could be deepened, then the data were collected using the appropriate techniques to interpret them. and succeed in synthesizing the conclusions.

 

          In order to achieve an exhaustive analysis of the theoretical and documentary criteria, primordial techniques were used, such as documentary observation and the analytical summary, which allowed easy access, understanding and understanding of the different contexts that made up the present study. After having registered the information collected for the investigation, a documentary analysis of it was carried out, special and necessarily on its content rather than on its form. The reason for selecting this type of processing and analysis is because it guarantees objectivity at the time of interpreting the results extracted with the information and in turn ensures more seriously when affirming a certain premise that leads to future conclusions related to the object of study.

 

4.     Analysis and Discussion

          The process of investigative documentary analysis consented to obtain the theoretical arguments necessary to establish a level of understanding of the present study, since it met the expectations expected. Specifically, the following conclusions and recommendations emerged as a result of the investigation:

          SMEs as part of the industrial sector have had a share in global economic growth, leaving evidence that each country has an economic behavior with different characteristics. In Venezuelan SMEs there is a set of internal and external factors that can generate positive or negative environments for them, since they are located in different areas of these companies, so it is of great importance that they are monitored periodically, as they can change drastically due to the economic conditions present in the country. Many of these factors exercise joint actions, which is why they have a significant impact on the evolution of this type of company. Therefore, businessmen must make the right decisions to be able to specify the export development of Venezuelan SMEs, which in turn allows them to diversify the economic structure that currently depends mostly on oil exports.

 

          The importance of a Venezuelan economic resurgence based on a post-oil model is necessary, since the world economic systems demand it, because we are immersed in globalized markets that demand in turn to overcome existing asymmetries in order to accelerate growth of the countries that depend on these rentier and extractivist models. What makes it necessary to create a mixed international trade system, which does not depend solely on the extraction, exploitation and export of oil and some minerals, but incorporates a structure that is made up of Venezuelan SMEs that meet the conditions ideals to be able to boost the development and economic growth of the nation.

 

           On the other hand, it is necessary to promote a business transformation that goes hand in hand with an environmentalist culture within all Venezuelan organizations regardless of the structural size they may have, since what is expected is that all are oriented towards the integration of the economic and environmental, so that in this way a sustainable development can be generated for the whole country.

 

          It is necessary that apart from the rentier-oil model that exists in Venezuela, they should be accommodated through public policies promoted by the Government to the SME sector, since they act as an engine of development and impulse for the diversification of all the national economic system. Where at the same time they are given all the necessary support in different areas where they can present some weaknesses, such as when obtaining financing, access to the technological platform, avoid bureaucracy when managing any application that is necessary for its process of development and growth, all this in favor of this type of companies can achieve success in the international context characterized by the entry into force of agreements of economic integration and free trade, such as ALBA, MERCOSUR and any other market outside our borders that allows them to start an export activity and therefore become the new generators of wealth for the country.

 

          Promote a system of economic-environmental education that involves the Venezuelan Government, all companies of any size, both public and private and society in general, so that they are participants in an orientation through a series of preventive policies necessary to counteract the ecological damage that cause some productive processes to the whole environment in our country and also outside its limits. From this it is necessary that behavioral changes are given in all those people who hold the reins of the Government and of the Companies; especially those engaged in the extraction and exploration of hydrocarbons and minerals. Because only in this way can a new post-oil economic model be achieved. On the other hand, an environmental certification program must be implemented for the entire Venezuelan productive sector through an ecological seal that is protected under environmental regulations, and in turn is applicable for all national production and the one that is to be exported.

 

5.     References

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Arias, F. (2006). El proyecto de investigación, Introducción a la metodología científica. Quinta edición. Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Episteme.

 

Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas (2001). Libro Verde. Fomentar un marco europeo para la responsabilidad social de las empresas. Bruselas: Presentado por la Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas. Recuperado de: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/committees/deve/20020122/com(2001)366_es.pdf

 

De la Hoz, P. (Comps). (2013). Generalidades de Comercio Internacional. Medellín, Colombia: Centro Editorial Esumer, págs. 92, ISBN: 978-958-8599-74-8. Recuperado de: http://colmayorbolivar.edu.co/files/generalidadesdecomerciointernacional.pdf

 

Johanson, J., & Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1975a,b). The internationalization of the firm-four Swedish cases. Journal of Management Studies, 12(3), 305-323.

 

Krugman, P., & Obstfeld, M. (2006a,b,c,d). Economía Internacional Teoría y Política. Séptima Edición. Madrid, España: Pearson Educación, S.A.

 

Ley para la Promoción y Desarrollo de la Pequeña y Mediana Industria y Unidades de Propiedad Social (2008). Decreto Presidencial N.º 6.215, publicado en la Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela N.º 38999, agosto 21. Caracas, Venezuela: Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Economía Comunal.

 

Martínez, M. (2016). “Estrategias y determinantes en la internacionalización de PYMES en el contexto del Mercosur, Caso Uruguay”. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Tesis Doctoral. España: Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia. Recuperado de: http://repositorio.ucam.edu/bitstream/handle/10952/1955/Tesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

 

Morillo, M. (2007). Venezuela en el Comercio Internacional y Frente al Desarrollo Sustentable. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 13(1), 23-46, ISSN: 1315-9518. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1315-95182007000100003&lng=es&tlng=es

 

Organización de las Naciones (1987). Informe de la Comisión Mundial sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: Naciones Unidas, ONU. Recuperado de: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000802/080240so.pdf

 

Rialp, A. (1999). Los Enfoques Micro-organizativos de la Internacionalización de la Empresa: Una Revisión y Síntesis de la Literatura. Revista de Economía, Cambio tecnológico y competitividad industrial, (781), 117-128.

 

Trujillo, M., Rodríguez, D., Guzmán, A., & Becerra, G. (Comps). (2006). Perspectivas teóricas sobre internacionalización de empresas. Documentos de Investigación (30), ISSN: 0124-8219. Recuperado de: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstream/10336/1211/1/BI%2030.pdf

 

 

Nelson Eugenio Montilla Aldana

e-mail: nelson.montilla.aldana@gmail.com

 

Born in Venezuela, specifically in the Barinas State. My Higher Education Studies both undergraduate and postgraduate were carried out at the Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos Occidentales Ezequiel Zamora (UNELLEZ, Barinas), where I received the Bachelor's Degree in Administration and Master's Degree in Administration, General Management, respectively. In labor matters I work as an Integral Specialist in public administration.

 

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- Original Version in Spanish -

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29394/Scientific.issn.2542-2987.2018.3.9.6.116-136