Factores Asociados a la Ideación Suicida en Adolescentes: Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura
Factors Associated with Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents: A Systematic Review of the Literature
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29394/Scientific.issn.2542-2987.2026.11.40.1.16-31Palabras clave:
ideación suicida, adolescentes, factores de riesgo, factores de protección, revisión sistemáticaResumen
La ideación suicida en adolescentes representa un desafío crítico para la salud pública mundial, originado por la interacción de múltiples factores que afectan el bienestar mental a lo largo del desarrollo. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores asociados a la ideación suicida en adolescentes según la evidencia científica reciente. Se desarrolló una investigación teórica, con método inductivo-analítico y diseño documental de revisión sistemática con síntesis narrativa de carácter exploratorio, conducida conforme a la declaración PRISMA 2020, mediante búsquedas en Scopus, PubMed, EBSCO, ProQuest y Web of Science. Se consideraron estudios publicados entre 2019 y 2024, en inglés o español, con texto completo en acceso abierto; de 115.122 registros identificados, se incluyeron 26 investigaciones. Los resultados revelan factores de riesgo psicológicos (depresión, desesperanza, ansiedad, baja autoestima, estrés), familiares (violencia doméstica, maltrato, ausencia de convivencia con los padres, escasa supervisión) y socioeducativos (acoso escolar presencial y virtual, aislamiento social, consumo de sustancias). Entre los factores protectores destacan el apoyo y la comprensión parental, las amistades cercanas, la competencia social, la resiliencia, la autoeficacia y la autoconfianza. La depresión, la desesperanza, la ansiedad severa y las experiencias de violencia o acoso se perfilan como predictores relevantes, mientras que la percepción de ser una carga y la pertenencia frustrada emergen como correlatos consistentes, en concordancia con la Teoría Interpersonal del Comportamiento Suicida. Se concluye que la ideación suicida es un fenómeno psicosocial complejo, que exige programas preventivos integrales orientados a reducir los riesgos y fortalecer los recursos protectores.
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