Enfermedad Periodontal Infantil: Revisión Sistemática sobre Factores Clínicos, Determinantes Sociales y Desafíos Preventivos
Periodontal Disease in Children: A Systematic Review of Clinical Factors, Social Determinants, and Preventive Challenges
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29394/Scientific.issn.2542-2987.2026.11.39.8.104-116Palabras clave:
enfermedad periodontal, salud bucodental infantil, gingivitis pediátrica, periodontitis infantil, higiene oral, educación preventivaResumen
La alta prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal en niños y la escasa articulación entre los enfoques clínicos, preventivos y educativos disponibles configuran un problema de salud pública que requiere atención integral. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la evidencia científica reciente sobre la enfermedad periodontal en niños para identificar factores de riesgo, enfoques de intervención y vacíos de investigación. Se empleó un método inductivo y un enfoque cualitativo, con diseño no experimental de corte documental-bibliográfico, mediante una revisión sistemática de 13 artículos publicados entre 2019 y 2025 en SciELO y Dialnet, siguiendo las directrices PRISMA 2020 y evaluando la calidad metodológica mediante herramientas JBI. Los resultados revelan una elevada prevalencia de gingivitis desde la primera infancia y casos de periodontitis agresiva en menores de tres años, vinculados a higiene deficiente, descontrol metabólico, bajo nivel socioeconómico y educación familiar limitada. Los factores de riesgo identificados, junto con los enfoques de intervención y los vacíos de investigación detectados, evidencian que reducir el impacto de esta enfermedad requiere políticas públicas integradas, formación profesional especializada, intervenciones escolares sostenidas e investigación longitudinal que articule variables clínicas, sociales y conductuales.
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